Green Plant With Holly Like Leaves and Blue Grape Like Flowrs

Species of flowering plant

Mahonia aquifolium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Berberidaceae
Genus:	Mahonia
Species:	M. aquifolium
Binomial name
Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.
Synonyms[1] [2] [3]
Berberis aquifolium Pursh Berberis aquifolium var. juglandifolia Rehder Berberis fascicularis Sims Berberis fasciculata Schult. & Schult.f. Berberis pinnata Banks ex DC. Mahonia diversifolia Sweet Odostemon aquifolium (Pursh) Rydb.

Mahonia aquifolium , the Oregon grape or holly-leaved barberry, is a species of flowering plant in the family Berberidaceae, native to western North America. It is an evergreen shrub growing 1 meter (3 feet) to 3 m (10 ft)^[4] tall by 1.5 m (5 ft) wide, with pinnate leaves consisting of spiny leaflets, and dense clusters of yellow flowers in early spring, followed by dark bluish-black berries.^[5]

Description [edit]

Mahonia aquifolium grows to 1–2 metres (3+ 1⁄2 –6+ 1⁄2 feet) tall by 1.5 m (5 ft) wide, with pinnate leaves up to 30 centimetres (12 inches) long, each leaf made up of spiny leaflets. The leathery leaves resemble those of holly and the stems and twigs have a thickened, corky appearance. Yellow flowers are borne in dense clusters in late spring, followed by spherical dark dusty-blue berries, which are tart in taste.^{[6] [7]}

Chemistry [edit]

Mahonia aquifolium contains 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin (5'-MHC), a multidrug resistance pump inhibitor, which works to decrease bacterial resistance in vitro.^[8]

Taxonomy [edit]

Some authors place Mahonia in the barberry genus, Berberis.^{[9] [10] [11] [12]} The Oregon-grape is not related to true grapes, but gets its common name from the purple clusters of berries whose color and slightly dusted appearance are reminiscent of grapes.^{[ citation needed ]}

Etymology [edit]

The Latin specific epithet aquifolium denotes "sharp-leafed" (as in Ilex aquifolium, the common holly), referring to the spiny foliage.^{[13] [ citation needed ]}

Mahonia aquifolium is not closely related to either the true holly (Ilex aquifolium) or the true grape (Vitis).^{[ citation needed ]}

The yellow flowers are in a raceme 3–8 cm long. Bombus species and other insects pollinate the flowers.

Each of the six stamens, opposite the petals, terminates in two spreading branches. The six bright yellow petals are enclosed by six bright yellow sepals. At the base of the flower are three greenish-yellow bracts. Less than half as long as the sepals, only one is partially visible.

Distribution and habitat [edit]

Mahonia aquifolium is a native plant in the North American West from Southeast Alaska to Northern California, and eastern Alberta to central New Mexico, often occurring in the understory of Douglas-fir forests (although other forest types contain the species) and in brushlands in the Cascades, Rockies, and northern Sierra Nevada.^{[ citation needed ]}

Ecology [edit]

As with some Berberis, × Mahoberberis, and other Mahoniae spp., M. aquifolium can serve as an alternate host for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. (The primary host of Pst being wheat.) However, in this case it was only achieved by intentional inoculation in a lab, and it remains unknown whether this occurs naturally.^[14]

In some areas outside its native range, M. aquifolium has been classified as an invasive exotic species that may displace native vegetation.^{[15] [16]}

Cultivation [edit]

M. aquifolium is a popular subject in shady or woodland plantings. It is valued for its striking foliage and flowers, which often appear before those of other shrubs. It is resistant to summer drought, tolerates poor soils, and does not create excessive leaf litter. Its berries attract birds.^[5]

Numerous cultivars and hybrids have been developed, of which the following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:^[17]

• M. × wagneri 'Pinnacle'^[18] (M. aquifolium × M. pinnata)
• 'Apollo'^[19]

Toxicity [edit]

Plants in the genus can cause a rash.^[7]

Uses [edit]

The small purplish-black fruits, which are quite tart and contain large seeds, are included in small quantities in the traditional diets of Pacific Northwest indigenous peoples, mixed with salal or another sweeter fruit. Today, they are sometimes used to make jelly, alone or mixed with salal.^[20] Oregon-grape juice can be fermented to make wine, similar to European barberry wine folk traditions, although it requires an unusually high amount of sugar.^[21] The berries can also be eaten raw^[22] after the season's first frosts.^[23]

The inner bark of the larger stems and roots of Oregon grape yields a yellow dye; the berries give purple dye.^[24]

Herbal medicine [edit]

Some Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau use Oregon grape for indigestion.^[25]

Culture [edit]

Oregon-grape is the state flower of Oregon.^[26]

References [edit]

1. ^ Tropicos
2. ^ The Plant List
3. ^ Flora of North America vol 3
4. ^ "Landscape Plants: Mahonia aquifolium". Oregon State University: College of Agricultural Sciences - Department of Horticulture. Oregon State University. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
5. ^ ^{a b} RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN978-1-4053-3296-5.
6. ^ Williams, Michael P. (2012). "Berberis aquifolium, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.)". Jepson eFlora . Retrieved 2013-08-08 .
7. ^ ^{a b} "Oregon Grape, Holly Leaved Barberry, Oregon Holly, Mahonia aquifolium". Wild Food UK . Retrieved 2022-07-01 .
8. ^ Stermitz FR, Lorenz P, Tawara JN, Zenewicz LA, Lewis K (February 2000). "Synergy in a medicinal plant: antimicrobial action of berberine potentiated by 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin, a multidrug pump inhibitor". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (4): 1433–7. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.1433S. doi:10.1073/pnas.030540597. PMC26451. PMID 10677479.
9. ^ Flora of North America, vol 3
10. ^ Loconte, H., & J. R. Estes. 1989. Phylogenetic systematics of Berberidaceae and Ranunculales (Magnoliidae). Systematic Botany 14:565-579.
11. ^ Marroquín, Jorge S., & Joseph E. Laferrière. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 30(1):53-55.
12. ^ Laferrière, Joseph E. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Bot. Zhurn. 82(9):96-99.
13. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN978-1-84533-731-5.
14. ^ Wang, M. N.; Chen, X. M. (2013). "First Report of Oregon Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) as an Alternate Host for the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) Under Artificial Inoculation". Plant Disease. American Phytopathological Society. 97 (6): 839. doi:10.1094/pdis-09-12-0864-pdn. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30722629. S2CID 73433566.
15. ^ "North Carolina Botanical Garden / Conservation / Plants to Avoid in the Southeastern United States". Archived from the original on 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2007-05-13 .
16. ^ Plants to Avoid in the Southeastern United States Tennessee Invasive Exotic Plant List
17. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 62. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
18. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Mahonia × wagneri 'Pinnacle'". Retrieved 13 April 2015.
19. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Mahonia aquifolium 'Apollo'". Retrieved 13 April 2015.
20. ^ Pojar, Jim; MacKinnon, Andy, eds. (1994). Plants of Coastal British Columbia: including Washington, Oregon & Alaska, rev. ed. Vancouver: Lone Pine Publishing. p. 95. ISBN978-1-55105-532-9.
21. ^ Henderson, Robert K. (2000). The Neighbourhood Forager. Toronto, Ontario: Key Porter Books. p. 111. ISBN1-55263-306-3.
22. ^ Benoliel, Doug (2011). Northwest Foraging: The Classic Guide to Edible Plants of the Pacific Northwest (Rev. and updated ed.). Seattle, WA: Skipstone. p. 119. ISBN978-1-59485-366-1. OCLC 668195076.
23. ^ Lyons, C. P. (1956). Trees, Shrubs and Flowers to Know in Washington (1st ed.). Canada: J. M. Dent & Sons. p. 196.
24. ^ Bliss, Anne (1993). North American Dye Plants, rev. and enl. ed. Loveland, Colorado: Interweave Press. p. 130. ISBN0-934026-89-0.
25. ^ Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. p. 352. ISBN0-295-97119-3.
26. ^ "State Symbols: Dance to Hops - Flower, State". Oregon Blue Book. Oregon Secretary of State. 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.

External links [edit]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

• The Oregon Grape in "Our State Flowers: The Floral Emblems Chosen by the Commonwealths", The National Geographic Magazine, XXXI (June 1917), pp. 481–517.
• Mahonia aquifolium images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
• Jepson eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Berberis aquifolium
• Calflora Database: Berberis aquifolium (Oregon grape, mountain grape)
• Flora of North America @ efloras.org: Berberis aquifolium — syn; formerly: Mahonia aquifolium
• UC Photos gallery: Berberis aquifolium
• Mountain Grape from Botanical.com

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahonia_aquifolium

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